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PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
A noun names a person, a place, thing or idea.
Person
| Place
| Thing
| Idea
| Jack
| New York
| table
| thought
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Kinds of Nouns Common Nouns
| A common noun is any noun that does not name a specific person, place, thing, or idea. A common noun names general items. Common nouns are not capitalized.
child town game hospital, kitchen, classroom, school
| Proper Nouns
| A proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are capitalized.
Nelly Seoul New York Information Technology High School
| Concrete Nouns
| A concrete noun names a thing that can be seen or touched. Concrete nouns are either common or proper.
team desk Jenny pencil
Mediterranean Sea car
| Abstract Nouns
| An abstract noun names something that you can think about but cannot see or touch. Abstract nouns can be either common or proper.
love happiness democracy
Islam Buddhism Christianity
| PRONOUNS
A pronoun takes the place of a noun to avoid the repitition.
Noun
| Pronoun
| Sentences
| John
| he, him, his
| John is from New Jersey. He is my cousin. Everybody at school likes him. His father is a lawyer.
| father and I
| we, us, our
| My father and I always go fishing on the weekends. We take my brother Steven with us. This week our goal is to catch a lot of fish.
| New York
| it, its
| New York is a beautiful city. It has a lot of skycrapers. Its skyscrapers are well known all around the world.
| cousins
| they, them, their
| My cousins are playing basketball in the yard. They are enjoying the game. Basketball is their favorite game. I will join them very soon.
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VERBS
A verb tells what a noun or pronoun is or does. There are action and non action verbs. Action verbs describe movement. Nonaction verbs describe feelings or how something is.
ACTION VERBS
| NONACTION VERBS
| walk
talk
run
eat
listen
| are
feel
love
need
hate
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ADJECTIVES
Adjectives desctribe nouns or pronouns. They answer : which one? What kind? How many?
Whic one?
| the short woman
| what kind?
| a big house
| How many?
| ten cars
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Possessive Adjectives: Possessive adjectives show that something belongs to someone. Possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their ADVERBS
An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells how something is done. It also tells about other adverbs. Adverbs answer the questions: When? Where? How? How often?
When?
| play basketball now, next week
| Where?
| play basketball there, outside | How?
| play basketball calmly, agressively | How often?
| play basketball everyday, often, always |
(words in blue are adverbs)
My brother and I always bring our lunch to work. We go outside to eat lunch when it is not rainy. We eat quickly and go back to work.We leave work early to catch the 5:30 bus. Sometimes we take the train if we miss the bus.
| Adverbs | Examples | 100% Always
Almost always
Usually
Often/Frequently
Sometimes/Occasionally
Rarely/ Seldom
Almost never
0% Never | I am always on time to my morning class.
I almost always drink milk before I leave my house.
She usually comes to school prepared.
He is frequenly/often late to school.
We occasionaly/sometimes stay for after school.
They rarely/seldom hang out on weekends.
His answers are almost never correct.
They never asked us to play with them.
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TIP:
- Put adverbsof frequency after the verb be.
- Put adverbs of frequency before all other verbs.
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. They help show direction, place, or time.
| Location | Time | Action and Movement | | above | at | at | | below | on | by | | over | by | from | | under | before | into | | among | from | on | | between | since | onto | | beside | for | off | | in front of | during | out of | | behind | to | | | next to | until | | | with | after | | | in the middle of | | | | on | | | | in | | | | at | | |
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions join words or parts of a sentence. They join sentences too. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating Cojunctions:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
When using a conjunction to connect two sentences, use a comma before the conjunction.
Examples:
- He will pay for he did me wrong.
- Jackie and Juliet are going to graduate on time.
- The sheets were never washed, nor the towels, nor his shirts.
- We usually go home at 3:00 P.M., but today we are leaving early.
- Do you like red or yellow?
- He is a nice person, yet he always gets in trouble.
- I wanted to concentrate on my homework, so I unplugged the phone.
Correlative Conjunctions: | both...and | not only...but also | either...or | neither...nor | whether...or |
Remember When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
| CONJUNCTIONS | SAMPLE SENTENCE | | both...and | Both my brother and my friend play guitar. | | either...or | It is either your fault or his | | neither...nor | Neither my brother normy sister was able to solve the problem
| | not only...but also | Not only does Valeriu maintains the school's website, but he also works on a new movie project. |
Subordinative Conjunctions:
| TIME | CAUSE + EFFECT | OPPOSITION | CONDITION | | after | because | although | if | | before | since | though | unless | | when | now that | even though | only if | | while | as | whereas | whether or not | | since | in order that | while | even if | | until | so | | in case (that) |
Examples:
| CONJUNCTION | SAMPLE SENTENCE | | after | We are going home after we finish taking the test. | | since | Since we have lived in New York, we have gone to every exhibit at the Musiu of Natural History. | | while | While I was reading my book, I ate my lunch. | | although | Although It was very cold outside, we enjoyed playing basketball.
| | even if | Even if you studied for this test, it wouldn't make a lot of difference because the test was really hard.
| | because | I love my school because the teachers are very friendly. |
INTERJECTIONS
Interjections show surprise or strong feelings. They are often followed by exclamation point (!)
Example: Wow!, ouch!, whoopee!, ugh! whoa!, bravo!, yippee!, etc...
- Wow! That's a giant dog!
- Ouch, you stepped on my toes!
- Yippee! We won!
Now do the exercises
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